1 00:00:06,250 --> 00:00:03,730 hello everybody and welcome to our 2 00:00:08,379 --> 00:00:06,260 latest Hubble hang out my name is Tony 3 00:00:10,390 --> 00:00:08,389 Darnell I am at the Space Telescope 4 00:00:13,449 --> 00:00:10,400 Science Institute and with me today is 5 00:00:15,520 --> 00:00:13,459 dr. again when one of our hangouts dr. 6 00:00:17,110 --> 00:00:15,530 mario livio and dr. carol christian from 7 00:00:19,450 --> 00:00:17,120 the Space Telescope Science Institute 8 00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:19,460 they've done many hangouts with me 9 00:00:24,010 --> 00:00:21,140 before on this but we're also joined by 10 00:00:26,860 --> 00:00:24,020 dr. Ava Villa ver from and let me get 11 00:00:30,250 --> 00:00:26,870 this right universidad autónoma de 12 00:00:31,630 --> 00:00:30,260 Madrid she's an astronomer and she is 13 00:00:33,579 --> 00:00:31,640 attending a symposium that we're having 14 00:00:35,439 --> 00:00:33,589 at the Institute this week that is I 15 00:00:38,919 --> 00:00:35,449 think one of the more interesting things 16 00:00:41,680 --> 00:00:38,929 we've had here at the Space Telescope 17 00:00:43,779 --> 00:00:41,690 Science Institute they are discussing 18 00:00:47,309 --> 00:00:43,789 and meeting this week to talk about 19 00:00:51,309 --> 00:00:47,319 issues associated with habitability 20 00:00:53,169 --> 00:00:51,319 habitability around planets moons what 21 00:00:54,790 --> 00:00:53,179 are the what does it mean what does 22 00:00:56,649 --> 00:00:54,800 something mean to be habitable and 23 00:00:58,599 --> 00:00:56,659 habitable for whom I mean what are we 24 00:01:00,910 --> 00:00:58,609 you know what are the what are the 25 00:01:04,509 --> 00:01:00,920 conditions that are necessary to have 26 00:01:06,429 --> 00:01:04,519 life out in the universe and at an issue 27 00:01:12,330 --> 00:01:06,439 that I'm particularly interested in also 28 00:01:14,770 --> 00:01:12,340 is how extensible is you know Earth's 29 00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:14,780 habitability requirements to everything 30 00:01:18,850 --> 00:01:17,270 else and and so there astronomers are 31 00:01:20,889 --> 00:01:18,860 meeting discussing all these really 32 00:01:23,889 --> 00:01:20,899 great questions and we're going to touch 33 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:23,899 on some of this this right now this with 34 00:01:28,779 --> 00:01:27,170 this with this hangout Mario and Ava 35 00:01:30,580 --> 00:01:28,789 were very kind of joy to give us some of 36 00:01:32,050 --> 00:01:30,590 their time and in Carol's with us to 37 00:01:34,719 --> 00:01:32,060 give her perspective which is always 38 00:01:36,700 --> 00:01:34,729 really good to discuss this idea of 39 00:01:38,020 --> 00:01:36,710 habitability so before I get started I 40 00:01:41,679 --> 00:01:38,030 want to let you know I'm monitoring 41 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:41,689 youtube I monitoring Google+ and if you 42 00:01:45,039 --> 00:01:43,490 use that if you are want to tweet some 43 00:01:48,520 --> 00:01:45,049 questions or comments using the Hubble 44 00:01:50,109 --> 00:01:48,530 hang out hashtag I wall i'm also 45 00:01:51,399 --> 00:01:50,119 monitoring those as well and we'll try 46 00:01:52,899 --> 00:01:51,409 to get to them if there's time at the 47 00:01:56,969 --> 00:01:52,909 end we only have a half an hour so I 48 00:01:59,529 --> 00:01:56,979 want to just jump right in habitability 49 00:02:01,779 --> 00:01:59,539 habitability i was at all this time i 50 00:02:05,919 --> 00:02:01,789 had my head mario and ava big instead of 51 00:02:09,070 --> 00:02:05,929 me what let's talk about what we mean by 52 00:02:11,530 --> 00:02:09,080 that and some mario what what's your 53 00:02:12,880 --> 00:02:11,540 impression when we say habitable what do 54 00:02:14,230 --> 00:02:12,890 you guys what do you what goes in your 55 00:02:16,790 --> 00:02:14,240 head we told my earth 56 00:02:19,910 --> 00:02:16,800 mammals microbes what do we mean by 57 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:19,920 habitability no so unfortunately since 58 00:02:26,900 --> 00:02:22,610 we only so far discovered life on Earth 59 00:02:30,110 --> 00:02:26,910 and so we made the definition of what we 60 00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:30,120 mean by habitable so basically around 61 00:02:37,700 --> 00:02:33,690 every star you can define a range of 62 00:02:40,340 --> 00:02:37,710 distances from the star which allows for 63 00:02:44,390 --> 00:02:40,350 liquid water on the surface of that 64 00:02:47,300 --> 00:02:44,400 planet if there is a planet there then 65 00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:47,310 liquid water can exist in the particular 66 00:02:52,700 --> 00:02:49,800 case of the earth of course the earth is 67 00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:52,710 in the habitable zone around our star 68 00:02:58,850 --> 00:02:56,040 namely the Sun but because we think that 69 00:03:02,030 --> 00:02:58,860 water may be absolutely essential for 70 00:03:04,790 --> 00:03:02,040 life we define this region around any 71 00:03:07,640 --> 00:03:04,800 for any planet around any other star and 72 00:03:10,670 --> 00:03:07,650 then we've searched to see whether there 73 00:03:13,490 --> 00:03:10,680 are any planets in this habitable zone 74 00:03:16,520 --> 00:03:13,500 namely in that region that would allow 75 00:03:20,690 --> 00:03:16,530 for liquid water to be on the surface of 76 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:20,700 that planet so this week there are a lot 77 00:03:27,830 --> 00:03:23,970 of talks being given in a wide variety 78 00:03:28,850 --> 00:03:27,840 of John wide varieties of subjects and 79 00:03:31,730 --> 00:03:28,860 we're looking at every single 80 00:03:34,130 --> 00:03:31,740 possibility so surely liquid water isn't 81 00:03:37,310 --> 00:03:34,140 the only real thing that we one would 82 00:03:38,780 --> 00:03:37,320 need right i mean there is that is that 83 00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:38,790 the defining characteristic of a 84 00:03:43,340 --> 00:03:40,980 habitable place a place where life can 85 00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:43,350 exist is that is that the only thing you 86 00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:46,710 guys are looking at well I can I can 87 00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:48,390 jump in here a little bit that's the 88 00:03:52,430 --> 00:03:50,610 classic definition but of course when 89 00:03:54,650 --> 00:03:52,440 you think about it that is very earth 90 00:03:57,020 --> 00:03:54,660 centric and of course we're looking at 91 00:03:58,910 --> 00:03:57,030 Mars to see if it is habitable or was 92 00:04:01,820 --> 00:03:58,920 habitable and it's thought that it did 93 00:04:03,590 --> 00:04:01,830 have water now of course the star can 94 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:03,600 change the parent star like we have our 95 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:05,610 Sun it changes very slowly there are 96 00:04:09,830 --> 00:04:07,650 other stars that change more rapidly and 97 00:04:12,560 --> 00:04:09,840 there are stars that change more slowly 98 00:04:15,500 --> 00:04:12,570 in their lifetimes so you're right the 99 00:04:17,660 --> 00:04:15,510 habitability can change so for a star 100 00:04:20,360 --> 00:04:17,670 that lives very fast there might be a 101 00:04:22,580 --> 00:04:20,370 region that is what fits our definition 102 00:04:24,860 --> 00:04:22,590 of habitable but because the star 103 00:04:27,200 --> 00:04:24,870 changes it brightness and energy so fast 104 00:04:27,950 --> 00:04:27,210 there's no chance that life will evolve 105 00:04:31,760 --> 00:04:27,960 and then there 106 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:31,770 our other stars planets possibly around 107 00:04:36,740 --> 00:04:34,289 stars that take a very long time and are 108 00:04:41,779 --> 00:04:36,750 very stable and there's lots of chances 109 00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:41,789 that they could have a have area so for 110 00:04:46,490 --> 00:04:43,710 a moment in time the fact that a planet 111 00:04:49,219 --> 00:04:46,500 might be habitable does not mean okay 112 00:04:51,020 --> 00:04:49,229 now life is going to form for sure but 113 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:51,030 it's a starting place it's yeah it's 114 00:04:54,409 --> 00:04:52,650 it's a starting place but it was as I 115 00:04:55,400 --> 00:04:54,419 look at the at the talks of some of 116 00:04:58,029 --> 00:04:55,410 these things that people were given 117 00:05:00,200 --> 00:04:58,039 there's one there was one on whether a 118 00:05:02,390 --> 00:05:00,210 series the dwarf planet ceres is 119 00:05:04,490 --> 00:05:02,400 habitable and you know there's talking 120 00:05:06,620 --> 00:05:04,500 you know and in Ava's talk was also 121 00:05:08,870 --> 00:05:06,630 about in which we're going to get to it 122 00:05:11,689 --> 00:05:08,880 here in a little bit more detail even 123 00:05:14,930 --> 00:05:11,699 about what is the survivability of I 124 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:14,940 mean of going through a main sequence 125 00:05:18,439 --> 00:05:16,410 when when the star leaves the main 126 00:05:20,060 --> 00:05:18,449 sequence becomes a red giant what's the 127 00:05:22,310 --> 00:05:20,070 survivability of that and is there any 128 00:05:24,409 --> 00:05:22,320 chance for them to come back so we're 129 00:05:29,140 --> 00:05:24,419 looking way beyond liquid water here and 130 00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:29,150 so it's a really importance of I think 131 00:05:33,200 --> 00:05:31,680 in-depth look at this whole concept 132 00:05:35,089 --> 00:05:33,210 because they're really one of the things 133 00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:35,099 that I always get when I talk to people 134 00:05:40,760 --> 00:05:39,210 or do we do stories on exoplanets is why 135 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:40,770 are we always so concerned about liquid 136 00:05:44,899 --> 00:05:42,810 water why can't you have like a sulfuric 137 00:05:46,939 --> 00:05:44,909 acid oceans or a Venus like place with 138 00:05:50,719 --> 00:05:46,949 with life could isn't it possible well 139 00:05:53,120 --> 00:05:50,729 sure it is but you know is it uh is it 140 00:05:54,469 --> 00:05:53,130 likely and when we know what is likely 141 00:05:57,740 --> 00:05:54,479 is the fact that we start with earth 142 00:05:58,850 --> 00:05:57,750 earth that's our one data point so even 143 00:06:00,550 --> 00:05:58,860 let me get you into this conversation 144 00:06:03,260 --> 00:06:00,560 what do you think of this idea of 145 00:06:06,740 --> 00:06:03,270 habitability in general do you think for 146 00:06:08,899 --> 00:06:06,750 example that the earth is typical are we 147 00:06:11,510 --> 00:06:08,909 are there a lot of us are there are a 148 00:06:13,189 --> 00:06:11,520 lot of planets like ours out there well 149 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:13,199 in fact it is one of the most important 150 00:06:16,610 --> 00:06:14,610 parameters that we are trying to 151 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:16,620 determine what is the percentage of 152 00:06:21,770 --> 00:06:18,690 planets out I mean of stars out there 153 00:06:26,719 --> 00:06:21,780 that have planets like Earth at the 154 00:06:28,700 --> 00:06:26,729 right distance and thus that's a very 155 00:06:30,980 --> 00:06:28,710 important question to answer because 156 00:06:33,140 --> 00:06:30,990 once we have this number we can assess 157 00:06:36,260 --> 00:06:33,150 what is the percentage of stars out 158 00:06:37,820 --> 00:06:36,270 there am I have at least a planet with 159 00:06:39,709 --> 00:06:37,830 the right conditions at the right 160 00:06:41,030 --> 00:06:39,719 distance in order to be able to host 161 00:06:43,550 --> 00:06:41,040 life 162 00:06:46,310 --> 00:06:43,560 as you mentioned yes we we look into 163 00:06:47,630 --> 00:06:46,320 liquid water because this is what we 164 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:47,640 know but there might be other 165 00:06:52,220 --> 00:06:50,490 disciplines that are good for life the 166 00:06:54,950 --> 00:06:52,230 good thing about water is that it stands 167 00:06:57,320 --> 00:06:54,960 a broad range of conditions I mean we 168 00:06:59,870 --> 00:06:57,330 have more than 100 degrees between the 169 00:07:01,790 --> 00:06:59,880 point where the water freezes to the 170 00:07:04,430 --> 00:07:01,800 point where water gets evaporated and 171 00:07:07,190 --> 00:07:04,440 that's good for life a other forms of 172 00:07:10,850 --> 00:07:07,200 light my assists for example in a we say 173 00:07:12,890 --> 00:07:10,860 kind of this orbit but that would be 174 00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:12,900 hard to look for at me we have to start 175 00:07:20,030 --> 00:07:15,630 with the basic things and build up it 176 00:07:23,150 --> 00:07:20,040 slowly from there okay so you're you 177 00:07:24,770 --> 00:07:23,160 guys in your talk this afternoon I saw 178 00:07:26,210 --> 00:07:24,780 that you had a lot of references to work 179 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:26,220 that you had done with Mario so 180 00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:29,450 presumably you guys have looked into 181 00:07:34,850 --> 00:07:32,160 this research of habitability and post 182 00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:34,860 main-sequence stars before so let's 183 00:07:39,290 --> 00:07:36,960 let's go into that a little bit your 184 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:39,300 talk was called all our post 185 00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:43,290 main-sequence planets doomed and you 186 00:07:49,450 --> 00:07:47,310 were lookin by that what is a post main 187 00:07:53,390 --> 00:07:49,460 sequence star can you describe it for us 188 00:07:56,330 --> 00:07:53,400 it just as you know I mean we are 189 00:07:59,810 --> 00:07:56,340 orbiting a star that is burning burning 190 00:08:02,690 --> 00:07:59,820 hydrogen in the core but they start will 191 00:08:04,700 --> 00:08:02,700 eventually run out of hydrogen and as 192 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:04,710 soon as that happens he will move into a 193 00:08:10,160 --> 00:08:08,370 different evolutionary stage a for a 194 00:08:12,170 --> 00:08:10,170 study in order to fight gravity has two 195 00:08:15,290 --> 00:08:12,180 persons in either in the cold in a shell 196 00:08:18,410 --> 00:08:15,300 outside of the outside of the core the 197 00:08:22,670 --> 00:08:18,420 rest nuclear fuel that the star like the 198 00:08:25,220 --> 00:08:22,680 Sun can burn is helium and that's it it 199 00:08:28,010 --> 00:08:25,230 cannot burn anything else so we talked 200 00:08:30,380 --> 00:08:28,020 about its master or well yes because of 201 00:08:33,580 --> 00:08:30,390 his mass if it were a more massive study 202 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:33,590 will be able to burn much much higher 203 00:08:39,740 --> 00:08:37,050 element but I star like the Sun you will 204 00:08:42,500 --> 00:08:39,750 stop after helium you will be the carbon 205 00:08:45,050 --> 00:08:42,510 oxygen core and it will have the 206 00:08:47,930 --> 00:08:45,060 envelope removed by processes like winds 207 00:08:50,540 --> 00:08:47,940 and this is exactly what we mean by a 208 00:08:53,270 --> 00:08:50,550 post main sequence star am in sequence 209 00:08:54,530 --> 00:08:53,280 main sequence star a star is a star that 210 00:08:58,040 --> 00:08:54,540 is burning hi 211 00:08:59,900 --> 00:08:58,050 it was many sequences that he has run 212 00:09:07,129 --> 00:08:59,910 out of hydrogen in the core and it goes 213 00:09:09,110 --> 00:09:07,139 through a very let's say not not stable 214 00:09:11,389 --> 00:09:09,120 phases of evolution yeah it starts to 215 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:11,399 get big right it starts to expand and 216 00:09:15,350 --> 00:09:13,410 then get and get larger right that when 217 00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:15,360 it when it turns into a red giant yes 218 00:09:22,370 --> 00:09:18,810 yes okay so I was just going to say main 219 00:09:24,680 --> 00:09:22,380 sequence refers to the majority of the 220 00:09:26,389 --> 00:09:24,690 time the star spends in a stable state 221 00:09:28,550 --> 00:09:26,399 and we call that main sequence for 222 00:09:31,629 --> 00:09:28,560 different stars of different masses the 223 00:09:34,730 --> 00:09:31,639 amount of time that occurs is different 224 00:09:37,579 --> 00:09:34,740 luckily for us that for the Sun it's a 225 00:09:40,999 --> 00:09:37,589 long time and then post main sequence is 226 00:09:42,650 --> 00:09:41,009 as Eva said now you've got problems in 227 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:42,660 the core you've exhausted some of the 228 00:09:46,970 --> 00:09:44,730 fuel and now the structure of the star 229 00:09:49,129 --> 00:09:46,980 is trying to readjust to its 230 00:09:50,930 --> 00:09:49,139 circumstance that's got gravity pushing 231 00:09:54,410 --> 00:09:50,940 in and energy putting pushing out and 232 00:09:57,860 --> 00:09:54,420 that isn't so good for a planet that is 233 00:10:00,199 --> 00:09:57,870 out in orbit around that star okay so 234 00:10:02,509 --> 00:10:00,209 Mario did you do some work with did you 235 00:10:03,980 --> 00:10:02,519 Ava work together earlier on some of 236 00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:03,990 these questions as well I saw your name 237 00:10:09,439 --> 00:10:06,720 on a lot of slides yeah we we started 238 00:10:12,470 --> 00:10:09,449 working on this I don't know around two 239 00:10:15,319 --> 00:10:12,480 thousand five six I think maybe 240 00:10:18,139 --> 00:10:15,329 published our first work in 2007 or 241 00:10:20,930 --> 00:10:18,149 thereabout and then published a few more 242 00:10:24,620 --> 00:10:20,940 works following that so so the idea is 243 00:10:28,069 --> 00:10:24,630 very simple since we now know that most 244 00:10:30,019 --> 00:10:28,079 stars have planets around them the 245 00:10:33,350 --> 00:10:30,029 question is what happens to these 246 00:10:36,559 --> 00:10:33,360 planets as the star as we said you know 247 00:10:39,620 --> 00:10:36,569 exhausts its its hydrogen and a star 248 00:10:42,490 --> 00:10:39,630 like the Sun is going to increase in 249 00:10:45,259 --> 00:10:42,500 radius you know x factor of hundreds 250 00:10:47,420 --> 00:10:45,269 when when it becomes a you know a red 251 00:10:51,019 --> 00:10:47,430 giant star I'll pass to the orbit of 252 00:10:54,199 --> 00:10:51,029 Earth presumable well actually the earth 253 00:10:57,829 --> 00:10:54,209 turns out to be the most difficult thing 254 00:11:01,670 --> 00:10:57,839 to calculate if it while it's true that 255 00:11:04,069 --> 00:11:01,680 the the Sun can out past the orbit the 256 00:11:06,829 --> 00:11:04,079 current orbit of Earth earth itself 257 00:11:08,180 --> 00:11:06,839 might move a little bit outwards by that 258 00:11:10,850 --> 00:11:08,190 time oh that's right 259 00:11:12,620 --> 00:11:10,860 course yes so so it you know so it's 260 00:11:15,710 --> 00:11:12,630 it's a touch and go what will actually 261 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:15,720 happen to earth but but let's talk more 262 00:11:19,940 --> 00:11:17,610 generally about many of these planets 263 00:11:22,670 --> 00:11:19,950 that are in there so now you have this 264 00:11:25,490 --> 00:11:22,680 giant star and you have a planet that 265 00:11:27,770 --> 00:11:25,500 you know okay was not directly engulfed 266 00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:27,780 in it it was just you know was left 267 00:11:33,590 --> 00:11:30,290 there but what happens at that point 268 00:11:37,430 --> 00:11:33,600 according to our calculations is that 269 00:11:40,850 --> 00:11:37,440 the the planet raises tides on the star 270 00:11:45,130 --> 00:11:40,860 just like the moon raises tides on on 271 00:11:48,110 --> 00:11:45,140 the earth and as it raises those tides 272 00:11:50,990 --> 00:11:48,120 the orbit starts to dissipate and the 273 00:11:53,690 --> 00:11:51,000 planet starts to move inward and we 274 00:11:56,060 --> 00:11:53,700 wanted to know which planets would 275 00:11:58,550 --> 00:11:56,070 actually be eventually engulfed by the 276 00:12:02,240 --> 00:11:58,560 star which planets would manage to 277 00:12:04,790 --> 00:12:02,250 survive and and so on so for example the 278 00:12:07,070 --> 00:12:04,800 earth really turns out to be a dep 279 00:12:09,080 --> 00:12:07,080 touch-and-go place where some 280 00:12:11,690 --> 00:12:09,090 calculations show that it will be 281 00:12:14,990 --> 00:12:11,700 eventually engulf some show that it may 282 00:12:17,120 --> 00:12:15,000 just barely survived now planets of 283 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:17,130 course that are farther than where the 284 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:20,730 earth is now will survive but even if 285 00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:22,890 they survive in terms of you know that 286 00:12:28,010 --> 00:12:25,710 physically they are still there that 287 00:12:30,680 --> 00:12:28,020 doesn't mean that life on them can 288 00:12:33,350 --> 00:12:30,690 survive drivin for example the earth 289 00:12:36,250 --> 00:12:33,360 will be scorched I mean even if it's not 290 00:12:39,800 --> 00:12:36,260 enough it will be totally scorched so 291 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:39,810 there there are all these deep questions 292 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:42,210 as to what happens to if there is life 293 00:12:48,710 --> 00:12:44,730 on any kinds of these planets what 294 00:12:50,930 --> 00:12:48,720 happens to them is their stars evolve so 295 00:12:52,940 --> 00:12:50,940 Ava in your talk you actually address 296 00:12:54,770 --> 00:12:52,950 that your talk was split up into two 297 00:12:57,050 --> 00:12:54,780 main parts as I understood it you were 298 00:13:00,590 --> 00:12:57,060 trying to answer the question would life 299 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:00,600 have to endure after this what Mario 300 00:13:05,420 --> 00:13:02,970 just happened what would life have to go 301 00:13:07,430 --> 00:13:05,430 through describe it presumably if it 302 00:13:09,260 --> 00:13:07,440 even could and the second question were 303 00:13:13,130 --> 00:13:09,270 asking is are there any suitable 304 00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:13,140 conditions that might form after the 305 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:16,050 goat the red giant phase that might be 306 00:13:21,410 --> 00:13:19,170 my give life a second chance to start up 307 00:13:22,040 --> 00:13:21,420 on earth and you can you comment on that 308 00:13:23,509 --> 00:13:22,050 a little bit 309 00:13:28,340 --> 00:13:23,519 especially to the first point what would 310 00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:28,350 life have to endure to get to survive 311 00:13:33,199 --> 00:13:30,480 the red giant phase if it even could and 312 00:13:35,329 --> 00:13:33,209 do you think it could well first of all 313 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:35,339 before even the star leaves the main 314 00:13:41,660 --> 00:13:38,250 sequence this stage of evolution where 315 00:13:43,340 --> 00:13:41,670 the Sun is stable the luminosity of the 316 00:13:45,410 --> 00:13:43,350 Sun will increase I mean the energy that 317 00:13:47,690 --> 00:13:45,420 the Sun will emit per second is going to 318 00:13:52,220 --> 00:13:47,700 increase and these guys got brighter on 319 00:13:54,410 --> 00:13:52,230 earth exactly and that will have I mean 320 00:13:56,930 --> 00:13:54,420 it's not clear where the weather at the 321 00:13:59,690 --> 00:13:56,940 atmosphere will be i were to adjust to 322 00:14:03,440 --> 00:13:59,700 the changes provided by the increasing 323 00:14:05,750 --> 00:14:03,450 luminosity of the Sun over the over the 324 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:05,760 time span that will happen but most 325 00:14:08,810 --> 00:14:07,410 likely not I mean most likely the 326 00:14:10,310 --> 00:14:08,820 atmosphere will get it because the 327 00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:10,320 stellar the solar wind will be also 328 00:14:16,250 --> 00:14:12,570 increased quite a bit tues i right hey 329 00:14:18,110 --> 00:14:16,260 yes yes in the radiation but we have the 330 00:14:19,730 --> 00:14:18,120 magnetic field that brought from the air 331 00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:19,740 that will protect it from the solar wind 332 00:14:24,380 --> 00:14:22,110 so the solar wind is not such a big 333 00:14:27,740 --> 00:14:24,390 problem is increasing the energy of the 334 00:14:30,680 --> 00:14:27,750 emitted by the Sun that will will make 335 00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:30,690 this planet a very hot place and we will 336 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:32,310 have probably a runaway of red light 337 00:14:37,340 --> 00:14:35,010 like the one that happened in India nose 338 00:14:38,930 --> 00:14:37,350 and got rid of the atmosphere so that 339 00:14:42,139 --> 00:14:38,940 will be the first thing before even the 340 00:14:44,389 --> 00:14:42,149 Sun gets bigger the design with a start 341 00:14:47,690 --> 00:14:44,399 to get bigger in radios so we are going 342 00:14:50,750 --> 00:14:47,700 to have a planet that in my move 343 00:14:52,130 --> 00:14:50,760 outwards a little bit but we have the 344 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:52,140 surface of the sun de will be 345 00:14:56,930 --> 00:14:55,410 approaching us as the Sun evolves so we 346 00:15:01,130 --> 00:14:56,940 are going to get very close to the 347 00:15:04,130 --> 00:15:01,140 surface of a sudden principle that that 348 00:15:07,550 --> 00:15:04,140 is another of the of the things that 349 00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:07,560 life will have to endure if it has 350 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:09,870 already managed to survive increase in 351 00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:14,010 luminosity a infrared reason luminosity 352 00:15:18,380 --> 00:15:16,410 and we're gonna get closer to the to the 353 00:15:21,769 --> 00:15:18,390 star or the stars going closer to us 354 00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:21,779 yeah we might get that close that we 355 00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:24,690 might even get inside of the office and 356 00:15:29,449 --> 00:15:27,660 and if we get inside of the Sun forget 357 00:15:31,550 --> 00:15:29,459 it I mean the planet will eventually a 358 00:15:34,490 --> 00:15:31,560 spiral in very quickly and it will merge 359 00:15:35,570 --> 00:15:34,500 with the core of the star so that will 360 00:15:41,020 --> 00:15:35,580 be 361 00:15:47,450 --> 00:15:45,230 yeah so if the planet managed to survive 362 00:15:50,390 --> 00:15:47,460 this face then it would be a very stable 363 00:15:53,660 --> 00:15:50,400 phase following that of helium burning 364 00:15:56,720 --> 00:15:53,670 in the core in which if life had managed 365 00:15:59,690 --> 00:15:56,730 to survive somehow and he might be able 366 00:16:03,080 --> 00:15:59,700 to do have a second chance to to develop 367 00:16:05,330 --> 00:16:03,090 for to enjoy a few more he got years 368 00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:05,340 it's better to move before it's too late 369 00:16:09,890 --> 00:16:07,800 yeah yeah yeah well we're luckily we've 370 00:16:11,480 --> 00:16:09,900 got some time when twin let's just go 371 00:16:13,010 --> 00:16:11,490 ahead and say when you're expected when 372 00:16:15,740 --> 00:16:13,020 is this expected to happen with that 373 00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:15,750 with our son in about five billion years 374 00:16:20,330 --> 00:16:18,210 oh good so all right so there's no 375 00:16:21,830 --> 00:16:20,340 immediate cause for alarm at least right 376 00:16:24,890 --> 00:16:21,840 now but the fact that you're looking at 377 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:24,900 this and in a in a bigger picture is 378 00:16:28,610 --> 00:16:26,850 really fascinating to me I mean you're 379 00:16:31,190 --> 00:16:28,620 looking at not just you know obviously I 380 00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:31,200 like to bring it home because earth is a 381 00:16:36,020 --> 00:16:33,390 typical thing that we can you know 382 00:16:37,940 --> 00:16:36,030 visualize and so to see how this how our 383 00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:37,950 Sun evolves and what might happen to 384 00:16:45,020 --> 00:16:41,130 life here is an important one but in 385 00:16:47,120 --> 00:16:45,030 your talk uh use you use a really scary 386 00:16:55,190 --> 00:16:47,130 term cold I remember laughing when i saw 387 00:16:57,230 --> 00:16:55,200 it planet evaporation rates um yikes so 388 00:16:59,330 --> 00:16:57,240 why don't you tell it so what so what 389 00:17:02,170 --> 00:16:59,340 does that mean the planet of a these are 390 00:17:04,790 --> 00:17:02,180 when planets just simply don't survive 391 00:17:06,890 --> 00:17:04,800 yes this is a different phase of 392 00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:06,900 evolution that a planet will have to 393 00:17:11,660 --> 00:17:09,510 endure after the postman sequencing it's 394 00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:11,670 the planetary nebula phase in which we 395 00:17:20,150 --> 00:17:16,350 have a very huge flags of radiation that 396 00:17:22,610 --> 00:17:20,160 is neutral eye on it so something I mean 397 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:22,620 we have the ozone layer now protect us 398 00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:24,690 from protecting us from the ultraviolet 399 00:17:30,170 --> 00:17:26,880 radiation from the Sun imagine a 400 00:17:33,290 --> 00:17:30,180 radiation that is much much much higher 401 00:17:36,140 --> 00:17:33,300 orders of magnitude higher in a star 402 00:17:39,770 --> 00:17:36,150 that is has a wolf of the main sequence 403 00:17:42,110 --> 00:17:39,780 and that this radiation has so much 404 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:42,120 energy that literally evaporates the 405 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:44,610 surface of a planet of a gas planet and 406 00:17:49,460 --> 00:17:46,650 this is the controlling super late the 407 00:17:52,730 --> 00:17:49,470 ultra pile energy front of her napkin 408 00:17:54,409 --> 00:17:52,740 gave a black row can you um little 409 00:17:58,820 --> 00:17:54,419 background on a planetary nebula buh 410 00:18:00,500 --> 00:17:58,830 will she talk about that I could 411 00:18:03,140 --> 00:18:00,510 understand the question story you're 412 00:18:06,380 --> 00:18:03,150 breaking up Tony you've been breaking up 413 00:18:08,450 --> 00:18:06,390 yeah we could hear the question can I 414 00:18:12,169 --> 00:18:08,460 ask a question while we figure that out 415 00:18:15,470 --> 00:18:12,179 my question to Eva and Mario is that I 416 00:18:17,299 --> 00:18:15,480 know so you have this phase where the 417 00:18:19,250 --> 00:18:17,309 surface of you know the the Sun is 418 00:18:20,840 --> 00:18:19,260 getting bigger stars like the Sun is 419 00:18:24,799 --> 00:18:20,850 getting bigger and then you talk about 420 00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:24,809 okay that may be the demise of Earth but 421 00:18:29,690 --> 00:18:27,600 what about like moons and planets that 422 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:29,700 are further out that may have water on 423 00:18:34,460 --> 00:18:32,010 them what happens to them because 424 00:18:35,720 --> 00:18:34,470 presumably they get warmer and I know 425 00:18:37,789 --> 00:18:35,730 there are some people that are 426 00:18:40,970 --> 00:18:37,799 interested in you know what could happen 427 00:18:42,649 --> 00:18:40,980 to a moon that has ice on it now will it 428 00:18:45,080 --> 00:18:42,659 have water and it will it be in that 429 00:18:50,899 --> 00:18:45,090 state long enough for even the tiniest 430 00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:50,909 microbe to form well as the Santa volts 431 00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:54,090 the abbot ability so we'll move outwards 432 00:18:59,720 --> 00:18:56,340 so it will reach the region where we 433 00:19:02,810 --> 00:18:59,730 don't have planned I mean we can't have 434 00:19:05,180 --> 00:19:02,820 planets with moons out there where what 435 00:19:07,070 --> 00:19:05,190 life can be sustainable you have to keep 436 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:07,080 in mind that the faces of evolution 437 00:19:12,529 --> 00:19:09,210 after the main sequence are shorter so 438 00:19:16,970 --> 00:19:12,539 we are going to talk about of the order 439 00:19:21,680 --> 00:19:16,980 of a billion years one being yeah so I 440 00:19:25,520 --> 00:19:21,690 mean that's not long enough probably not 441 00:19:29,870 --> 00:19:25,530 you know maybe for microbes yes but for 442 00:19:31,960 --> 00:19:29,880 elephants probably all in my back eyes 443 00:19:34,159 --> 00:19:31,970 can you yeah yeah yeah we hear you 444 00:19:36,049 --> 00:19:34,169 alright what I wanted it what I wanted 445 00:19:37,460 --> 00:19:36,059 to get into right there was planetary 446 00:19:39,039 --> 00:19:37,470 nebula I wanted to go back to that idea 447 00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:39,049 and I wanted Carol to kind of explain 448 00:19:44,270 --> 00:19:42,720 how the earth gets over how the Sun gets 449 00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:44,280 to a planetary nebula just give this 450 00:19:48,409 --> 00:19:45,360 whole background on in case people don't 451 00:19:52,159 --> 00:19:48,419 know what that is so so just about the 452 00:19:54,350 --> 00:19:52,169 term you know astronomers are you know 453 00:19:55,669 --> 00:19:54,360 when they look through the telescope and 454 00:19:57,770 --> 00:19:55,679 they see something and it reminds them 455 00:19:59,899 --> 00:19:57,780 of something else a word comes out of 456 00:20:03,080 --> 00:19:59,909 their mouth and it may not happy have 457 00:20:05,420 --> 00:20:03,090 Astrophysical significance so planetary 458 00:20:07,370 --> 00:20:05,430 were thought to be when they they were 459 00:20:09,020 --> 00:20:07,380 first seen through a telescope so a star 460 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:09,030 with some kind of planetary system 461 00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:11,010 around it well it turns out there 462 00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:13,170 actually nebula and they really have 463 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:15,510 nothing to do with planets or probably 464 00:20:19,130 --> 00:20:16,890 don't have mean that's not their main 465 00:20:22,730 --> 00:20:19,140 function actually Mario is an expert on 466 00:20:24,230 --> 00:20:22,740 this but anyway the idea is as they've 467 00:20:26,030 --> 00:20:24,240 been discussing even Mario been 468 00:20:28,760 --> 00:20:26,040 discussing the core of the star 469 00:20:30,980 --> 00:20:28,770 collapses it starts to push its outer 470 00:20:34,850 --> 00:20:30,990 atmosphere out it gets bigger it's 471 00:20:37,660 --> 00:20:34,860 pumping out energy at some point it may 472 00:20:40,430 --> 00:20:37,670 have a more dramatic structure 473 00:20:43,400 --> 00:20:40,440 rearrangement which will force the outer 474 00:20:46,220 --> 00:20:43,410 part a lot of them material on the outer 475 00:20:48,680 --> 00:20:46,230 part of the star it won't explode per se 476 00:20:50,780 --> 00:20:48,690 but it will push a lot of material out 477 00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:50,790 and we used to think that was a nice 478 00:20:56,060 --> 00:20:53,760 little gentle process and it's a nice 479 00:20:57,920 --> 00:20:56,070 fear achill nebula well it turns out 480 00:21:00,470 --> 00:20:57,930 with Hubble we found out that the 481 00:21:02,780 --> 00:21:00,480 structures of planetary nebula are quite 482 00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:02,790 complicated and that process of 483 00:21:08,210 --> 00:21:06,060 readjusting the structure is complicated 484 00:21:10,280 --> 00:21:08,220 but gives rise to I think some of the 485 00:21:12,740 --> 00:21:10,290 most beautiful nebula we have imaged 486 00:21:15,830 --> 00:21:12,750 with Hubble so Mario and Eva can take it 487 00:21:17,930 --> 00:21:15,840 from there yeah let me just add that you 488 00:21:20,420 --> 00:21:17,940 know just do this last point that that 489 00:21:23,450 --> 00:21:20,430 Carol made it you know if you look at 490 00:21:26,090 --> 00:21:23,460 some of the most fantastic images that 491 00:21:28,910 --> 00:21:26,100 Hubble has taken they are of planetary 492 00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:28,920 nebulae because what happens is this as 493 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:31,860 this outer layers are pushed into space 494 00:21:37,670 --> 00:21:35,610 you expose this hot core that ever was 495 00:21:40,970 --> 00:21:37,680 talking about which emits this 496 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:40,980 ultraviolet radiation and that really 497 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:44,730 hits all this gas that was ejected and 498 00:21:49,940 --> 00:21:47,490 it causes it to fluoresce and so you see 499 00:21:52,940 --> 00:21:49,950 all these fantastic colors in it and 500 00:21:56,300 --> 00:21:52,950 really those are truly breathtaking 501 00:21:58,070 --> 00:21:56,310 images of these planetary nebulae and 502 00:22:00,230 --> 00:21:58,080 they are all different I mean you know 503 00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:00,240 like snowflakes each one of them looks 504 00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:02,910 differently a very famous example for 505 00:22:05,360 --> 00:22:04,080 those of you who want to know is the 506 00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:05,370 ring nebula that's a very famous 507 00:22:10,370 --> 00:22:07,650 planetary nebulas like a smoke ring in 508 00:22:11,810 --> 00:22:10,380 space in Mali that that's the one I 509 00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:11,820 learned about and forth I always say I 510 00:22:16,460 --> 00:22:13,050 learned about that in fourth grade and 511 00:22:18,080 --> 00:22:16,470 everybody thought it was a nice uniform 512 00:22:19,580 --> 00:22:18,090 as you said smoke ring but actually when 513 00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:19,590 you look at it in the Hubble images in 514 00:22:26,240 --> 00:22:21,750 detail it has all kinds of very 515 00:22:29,930 --> 00:22:26,250 interesting structures yes I realize so 516 00:22:34,010 --> 00:22:29,940 Ava in your talk on this unsub like you 517 00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:34,020 said that the bad thing is that has 10 518 00:22:43,190 --> 00:22:38,480 memory in them but don't he's funny you 519 00:22:46,730 --> 00:22:43,200 got again I didn't quite get the sense 520 00:22:49,520 --> 00:22:46,740 of your question okay so in your time i 521 00:22:52,130 --> 00:22:49,530 am i okay now yes you're in your talk 522 00:22:54,980 --> 00:22:52,140 you with the planetary nebula you said 523 00:22:57,620 --> 00:22:54,990 the bad thing is that planets tend to 524 00:22:59,299 --> 00:22:57,630 evaporate inside of them but there's a 525 00:23:01,669 --> 00:22:59,309 good side to it and the good side is 526 00:23:04,310 --> 00:23:01,679 that there's also lots of really good 527 00:23:06,580 --> 00:23:04,320 complex molecules inside these things do 528 00:23:09,049 --> 00:23:06,590 you think that for planets that survive 529 00:23:10,310 --> 00:23:09,059 that don't manage to evaporate there 530 00:23:13,549 --> 00:23:10,320 might be something there for them to 531 00:23:15,380 --> 00:23:13,559 work with yeah I think I mean we're made 532 00:23:17,720 --> 00:23:15,390 of carbon after all and one of the main 533 00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:17,730 producers of carbon in space are the 534 00:23:22,399 --> 00:23:19,650 stars like the Sun that evolved into the 535 00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:22,409 planetary nebula state so the fact that 536 00:23:29,029 --> 00:23:25,890 we have carbon producers building big 537 00:23:31,820 --> 00:23:29,039 molecules of as I mentioned it was a 538 00:23:34,610 --> 00:23:31,830 carbon 60 fullerene molecules out there 539 00:23:37,789 --> 00:23:34,620 I think it's a good news for for life 540 00:23:39,950 --> 00:23:37,799 and only material would have we are made 541 00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:39,960 of fatty and kind came from the interior 542 00:23:46,580 --> 00:23:42,710 of stars and these stars are literally 543 00:23:48,560 --> 00:23:46,590 bringing the vibrance of nucleosynthesis 544 00:23:51,620 --> 00:23:48,570 into the interstellar million again 545 00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:51,630 we're a generation of stars and planets 546 00:23:59,090 --> 00:23:56,490 is formed so if we have already complex 547 00:24:01,580 --> 00:23:59,100 material over there and we have a chance 548 00:24:04,039 --> 00:24:01,590 in order to build planets around these 549 00:24:05,840 --> 00:24:04,049 systems that we don't have to wait for 550 00:24:07,850 --> 00:24:05,850 the next generation of start to build in 551 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:07,860 a generation of planets I think that's 552 00:24:12,049 --> 00:24:10,530 that's good news for life well what 553 00:24:16,490 --> 00:24:12,059 about the water question though I mean 554 00:24:18,529 --> 00:24:16,500 the the the conditions inside these 555 00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:18,539 nebulae and even after that that phase 556 00:24:22,820 --> 00:24:20,730 are we going to get water back or is it 557 00:24:25,130 --> 00:24:22,830 is it gone forever does it survive how 558 00:24:27,770 --> 00:24:25,140 does it survive well not where it's very 559 00:24:30,230 --> 00:24:27,780 hard you will not get it to where it's 560 00:24:31,970 --> 00:24:30,240 very hot but but as we say then 561 00:24:34,820 --> 00:24:31,980 you know the habitable zone moves 562 00:24:37,190 --> 00:24:34,830 outwards is that star evolves and 563 00:24:39,169 --> 00:24:37,200 becomes more luminous and hotter so 564 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:39,179 there will be some region which is 565 00:24:45,110 --> 00:24:43,010 farther out which could still have water 566 00:24:48,410 --> 00:24:45,120 okay and so what are we left with after 567 00:24:50,780 --> 00:24:48,420 this phase after the after the planetary 568 00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:50,790 nebula phase we're left with a white 569 00:24:56,870 --> 00:24:53,850 dwarf right so hopefully we've got a 570 00:24:58,549 --> 00:24:56,880 white dwarf star with some planets in a 571 00:25:02,450 --> 00:24:58,559 stable orbit that survived everything 572 00:25:04,669 --> 00:25:02,460 somewhere near a new habitable zone is 573 00:25:08,720 --> 00:25:04,679 there a time scale that is conducive to 574 00:25:10,850 --> 00:25:08,730 life reforming here it is a time scale 575 00:25:12,710 --> 00:25:10,860 if we are very close to the star and the 576 00:25:14,360 --> 00:25:12,720 problem is that is very hard to bring a 577 00:25:17,030 --> 00:25:14,370 planet that goes to the star at that 578 00:25:19,190 --> 00:25:17,040 point because as I mentioned in my talk 579 00:25:21,230 --> 00:25:19,200 every planet that we sped out of the 580 00:25:23,210 --> 00:25:21,240 systems are going to be very far away so 581 00:25:25,130 --> 00:25:23,220 we have to put to build a mechanism in 582 00:25:27,980 --> 00:25:25,140 order to throw a planet close to the 583 00:25:31,460 --> 00:25:27,990 white dwarf and that's a very unlikely 584 00:25:33,590 --> 00:25:31,470 process but it may happen I mean we know 585 00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:33,600 life is a very unlikely processor we are 586 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:37,710 here so to keep in mind well that's a 587 00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:39,330 question isn't it that's one of the 588 00:25:46,640 --> 00:25:41,910 things I wanted to address in my opinion 589 00:25:49,460 --> 00:25:46,650 life is either incredibly easy to bring 590 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:49,470 about or it's very very hard and there 591 00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:51,210 are all kinds of you know I've always 592 00:25:57,230 --> 00:25:54,150 wondered what does it take to go from a 593 00:26:01,130 --> 00:25:57,240 system with zero life no life whatsoever 594 00:26:02,750 --> 00:26:01,140 to having life like amino acids my form 595 00:26:05,419 --> 00:26:02,760 in an earlier that we might get all 596 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:05,429 kinds of gases and primordial soups and 597 00:26:10,070 --> 00:26:08,010 everything that won't be alive so it one 598 00:26:12,440 --> 00:26:10,080 day we wake up and there's life in there 599 00:26:15,110 --> 00:26:12,450 that step going from something that's 600 00:26:19,010 --> 00:26:15,120 not alive to something that's live I 601 00:26:21,799 --> 00:26:19,020 want to know how hard that is so so that 602 00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:21,809 first step it appears to be at least 603 00:26:27,200 --> 00:26:24,080 from the one example we have on earth 604 00:26:29,930 --> 00:26:27,210 appears to be not that hard that very 605 00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:29,940 first step and the reason I say this is 606 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:32,490 there are two reasons really one is that 607 00:26:38,090 --> 00:26:35,850 life on Earth appeared almost as soon as 608 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:38,100 it could have appeared namely you know 609 00:26:42,620 --> 00:26:40,530 that the very very early Earth things 610 00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:42,630 were very hot there was a lot of boom 611 00:26:47,360 --> 00:26:44,610 argument and so on by all kinds of 612 00:26:50,600 --> 00:26:47,370 asteroids and meteors and whatnot and so 613 00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:50,610 on but as soon as you know the situation 614 00:26:56,420 --> 00:26:53,130 stabilized a little bit we find already 615 00:26:58,550 --> 00:26:56,430 signs to life so clearly on earth it 616 00:27:00,740 --> 00:26:58,560 didn't take too long for life to appear 617 00:27:04,790 --> 00:27:00,750 the second reason I say that first step 618 00:27:06,530 --> 00:27:04,800 may not be hard is that I have a friend 619 00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:06,540 Jack Shaw stuck with a Nobel laureate 620 00:27:13,130 --> 00:27:08,910 who works at Harvard in trying to 621 00:27:15,320 --> 00:27:13,140 produce life in the lab and the last 622 00:27:17,690 --> 00:27:15,330 time I asked him so how long do you 623 00:27:20,450 --> 00:27:17,700 think it will be before you actually can 624 00:27:24,410 --> 00:27:20,460 produce life in the lab and his answer 625 00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:24,420 was about five years so you know if you 626 00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:27,780 do yeah yeah so you if you can produce 627 00:27:33,710 --> 00:27:30,510 life in the lab it means it's really not 628 00:27:35,330 --> 00:27:33,720 that hard now again if you take a lesson 629 00:27:38,510 --> 00:27:35,340 from Earth and you should be very 630 00:27:42,860 --> 00:27:38,520 careful doing this because it is one 631 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:42,870 example then the step to get from very 632 00:27:49,750 --> 00:27:47,010 primitive life to very complex life that 633 00:27:53,470 --> 00:27:49,760 actually took a long time on earth 634 00:27:57,470 --> 00:27:53,480 billions of years and also required all 635 00:28:00,800 --> 00:27:57,480 kinds of fine tunings and in you know 636 00:28:03,980 --> 00:28:00,810 chance events and so on so that may be 637 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:03,990 the part that's really hard wow there's 638 00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:05,490 there's a hangout I need to have we need 639 00:28:08,660 --> 00:28:07,290 to get you and Seth together and talk 640 00:28:10,100 --> 00:28:08,670 about this more in depth at some point 641 00:28:13,820 --> 00:28:10,110 in the future that sounds like a great a 642 00:28:15,410 --> 00:28:13,830 great one okay so we're out of time but 643 00:28:18,230 --> 00:28:15,420 I want to get to one quick question uh 644 00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:18,240 Brian catnip on the Q&A app is asking 645 00:28:24,050 --> 00:28:21,510 can organisms survive off gases other 646 00:28:30,260 --> 00:28:24,060 than oxygen and co2 who wants to take 647 00:28:33,500 --> 00:28:30,270 that one well I mean yeah I'm a great 648 00:28:35,420 --> 00:28:33,510 expert on it I only know I own a little 649 00:28:37,880 --> 00:28:35,430 bit about this but there are actually 650 00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:37,890 there are quite a number of biologists 651 00:28:43,640 --> 00:28:41,450 who are working on these questions and 652 00:28:45,500 --> 00:28:43,650 there's there's another kind of 653 00:28:46,880 --> 00:28:45,510 survivability that they are interested 654 00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:46,890 in it's not so much the planet 655 00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:48,690 survivability they are interested in the 656 00:28:54,020 --> 00:28:51,110 survivability and adaptability of 657 00:28:56,210 --> 00:28:54,030 organisms and so there do seem to be 658 00:28:59,210 --> 00:28:56,220 some organisms that Canada 659 00:29:01,010 --> 00:28:59,220 adapt to what we would consider a very 660 00:29:03,799 --> 00:29:01,020 hostile living in environment but they 661 00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:03,809 are organisms they are not elephants is 662 00:29:09,380 --> 00:29:06,510 new files aren't they in the right 663 00:29:11,510 --> 00:29:09,390 Mentos as far as Mario Mario nima made 664 00:29:14,210 --> 00:29:11,520 no different but as far as I know there 665 00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:14,220 has not been any building blocks of life 666 00:29:20,260 --> 00:29:16,710 formed in one of those adverse 667 00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:20,270 environment environments but the biology 668 00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:22,530 biologists who are looking at something 669 00:29:30,820 --> 00:29:25,440 called extremophiles are studying 670 00:29:32,779 --> 00:29:30,830 whether life can a adapt or be survive 671 00:29:34,430 --> 00:29:32,789 conditions and that goes back a little 672 00:29:36,140 --> 00:29:34,440 bit to the question you asked you notice 673 00:29:38,899 --> 00:29:36,150 that these catastrophic events happen 674 00:29:41,450 --> 00:29:38,909 maybe in the outer solar system microbes 675 00:29:43,370 --> 00:29:41,460 form then they freeze or they get hot 676 00:29:45,380 --> 00:29:43,380 can they survive and then come back to 677 00:29:47,630 --> 00:29:45,390 life in it and they're trying to study 678 00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:47,640 that and there are microorganisms that 679 00:29:53,330 --> 00:29:50,220 hibernate and really horrific conditions 680 00:29:56,360 --> 00:29:53,340 you know and we're like really yeah 681 00:29:59,510 --> 00:29:56,370 really nasty chemicals and and they can 682 00:30:01,940 --> 00:29:59,520 be revived at different temperatures so 683 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:01,950 so it's an active area of study yeah 684 00:30:06,649 --> 00:30:03,450 okay one more and then I'll let you guys 685 00:30:08,299 --> 00:30:06,659 go this one is from Hugo Burnham who's 686 00:30:11,360 --> 00:30:08,309 going and this one all addressed to you 687 00:30:12,950 --> 00:30:11,370 Ava you might know is there something 688 00:30:18,909 --> 00:30:12,960 similar to the hertzsprung-russell 689 00:30:26,690 --> 00:30:23,990 yes well I mean no yes and no I mean we 690 00:30:30,020 --> 00:30:26,700 have to like planets you've got rocky or 691 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:30,030 super Earths and yeah the hospital a 692 00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:32,010 certain item is a question of evolution 693 00:30:36,770 --> 00:30:34,200 that I mean by the nuclear source of the 694 00:30:39,380 --> 00:30:36,780 start I mean if we can look at the 695 00:30:41,419 --> 00:30:39,390 diagram for planets in terms of 696 00:30:44,570 --> 00:30:41,429 luminosity ventures temperature that 697 00:30:46,970 --> 00:30:44,580 tell us how is going to cool off just 698 00:30:49,430 --> 00:30:46,980 provided that they have some energy 699 00:30:52,520 --> 00:30:49,440 source that that remains are the active 700 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:52,530 energy releases from the contraction of 701 00:30:57,289 --> 00:30:54,330 the planet and things like that but 702 00:31:01,220 --> 00:30:57,299 those are much more simple drugs for a 703 00:31:02,390 --> 00:31:01,230 planet ok all right well um i guess i'm 704 00:31:05,419 --> 00:31:02,400 going to go ahead and stop there because 705 00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:05,429 you guys have to get going and i wanted 706 00:31:08,810 --> 00:31:07,110 there's just so much more i was hoping 707 00:31:10,370 --> 00:31:08,820 to be able to talk about this is a huge 708 00:31:12,340 --> 00:31:10,380 hugely interesting sub 709 00:31:15,530 --> 00:31:12,350 there's a whole there's a there is a 710 00:31:17,210 --> 00:31:15,540 symposium being held all week long here 711 00:31:18,860 --> 00:31:17,220 at the Institute many of the videos and 712 00:31:22,340 --> 00:31:18,870 talks are already posted i put the link 713 00:31:24,830 --> 00:31:22,350 to those webcast videos on our way on 714 00:31:27,530 --> 00:31:24,840 the event page here it's web cast out 715 00:31:29,510 --> 00:31:27,540 stsci edu and you go there and you can 716 00:31:31,070 --> 00:31:29,520 watch these talks you can that many of 717 00:31:33,740 --> 00:31:31,080 them are already archive some of them 718 00:31:35,930 --> 00:31:33,750 aren't but many of them are I don't know 719 00:31:37,310 --> 00:31:35,940 if avis is up yet or not she just gave 720 00:31:39,260 --> 00:31:37,320 it only about an hour ago a little over 721 00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:39,270 an hour ago so but I highly encourage 722 00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:41,820 you guys to check out these talks if 723 00:31:44,480 --> 00:31:42,870 you're interested in this question of 724 00:31:45,890 --> 00:31:44,490 habitability because they're being it's 725 00:31:48,050 --> 00:31:45,900 being looked at and discussed very 726 00:31:50,390 --> 00:31:48,060 seriously by astronomers right now at 727 00:31:51,950 --> 00:31:50,400 the Space Telescope Science Institute so 728 00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:51,960 I'm going to stop here guys I don't want 729 00:31:56,420 --> 00:31:54,930 to thank Mario Livio and Ava and Carol 730 00:31:59,690 --> 00:31:56,430 all of you guys thank you very much for 731 00:32:01,700 --> 00:31:59,700 joining me and talking about this i will 732 00:32:03,380 --> 00:32:01,710 look for more Hubble hangouts coming up 733 00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:03,390 in the future I think our next one Carol 734 00:32:07,910 --> 00:32:06,210 and I have scheduled will be with dr. 735 00:32:10,310 --> 00:32:07,920 Amy sumera we're going to be talking 736 00:32:13,670 --> 00:32:10,320 about looking at protoplanetary disks 737 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:13,680 and exoplanets from Nick moss data and 738 00:32:18,260 --> 00:32:16,050 all kinds of other interesting topics so 739 00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:18,270 look for those in the coming weeks and